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Part II of Stratosphere, 12/93Return to Stratosphere 12/93 Table of Contents Contents Part II
EOSS #14: ANOTHER LONG CHASEby Marty Griffin (WA0GEH)It was "another day in paradise" (Colorado) that stunning October morning as the Edge of Space Sciences (EOSS) tracking and recovery team set out to track and recover EOSS #14. The team had recovered all thirteen previous flights (Boulder Fire Department excluded) yet this flight seemed somewhat ominous. Jack, AA0P, and the launch crew were launching a new type of balloon and there were some uncertainties regarding the length of the flight. Additionally, there were only five teams (later ten) scheduled for this recovery effort, about half the usual compliment of hunters. Our fearless leader, Greg, K0ELM, succumbed to a stomach virus and missed his first hunt. The plot thickens..... The launch site was at the East Library in N.E. Colorado Springs. Weather data collected from Mike, KB0JYO, in Denver predicted the flight path was to be at 92 degrees and 87 miles. At 7:30 the tracking and recovery team was rolling toward the recovery area in anticipation for a 10:30 launch. We thank hot-foot, unsuspecting rookie Mike Lynch who was piloting the field coordinator vehicle and would eventually tally 420 driving miles and help us dissolve 42 gallons of gas! On board were Marty, WA0GEH and Paul, WB3JZV who were flinging maps, marking pens and radios. Because of scheduled Simulated Emergency Tests (SET), the wonderful 146.97 Pikes Peak repeater was not available until late morning. About 1/2 hour before liftoff the field coordinator vehicle astutely exceeded the range of all repeaters and promptly lost communications with all hunters. The plot continues to thicken.... Recovery teams were now on two frequencies and could not communicate with each other. We located a repeater in Genoa on 147.06 and thanks to Buck, W0DGJ, we were able to pull the hunters back together. This situation calls for increased use of HF in future recovery efforts if we plan to go to Kansas and see Toto! The launch went well and it became clear that the balloon was moving in excess of 60 m.p.h. Successive readings from Larry, K2NA, near Deer Trail on I-70 varied extensively proving this speed. It also came clear after about 40 minutes of flight that the Pumpkin Center predicted touch down was only about half way. Teams were promptly dispatched eastward down highway 94 and 40. The balloon seemed to continue to new heights and lingered longer than anticipated. About this time the SET was completed and the wide range 146.97 repeater was made available for our use. Whew! We had the services (thank you) of two aircraft for this mission. Jim, N0PSQ, followed the balloon upward and Ed, N0MHU conducted the search. Dawn Ragain, N0QCW, took to the air with Ed and became his spotter. (Ah, young eyes). Directed into the area by the coordinators, she was quick to spot the parachute in a field about one mile from the road. Having reached such lofty success, our young student may never jostle in the "blue truck" again! Due to the rapid movement of the team, the payload was located and spotted within 10 minutes of touchdown. More than an hour was spent contacting the land owner. Meanwhile, Ed kept the overhead vigil, burning some serious aviation fuel during that hour. The team walked in and recovered EOSS #14. The plot thinned.... In summary, the flight lasted about 2 hours 24 minutes, traveled 123 miles (our second longest flight). According to Mike Manes, W5VSI, it may have traveled to 147,000 feet (27 miles) which would be a new altitude record. As recovery team members we need to review our use of frequencies, be prepared to use HF, consider alternate repeaters in our preplanning, and be prepared to deploy further. Bring your ideas to our next recovery team meeting. Thanks again to our recovery teams members:
NEW TYPE BALLOON USED FOR EOSS 14by Merle McCaslin, K0YUKEOSS has used 1200 gram size rubber balloons manufactured by Kaysam for the majority of our flights. Humble I/II used a larger plastic vented balloon manufactured by Raven. On EOSS 12 a different type of rubber balloon was donated by Atmospheric Instrumentation Research Inc. It was a 2000 gram rubber balloon manufactured in Japan. A first look at this balloon was impressive. The neck of the balloon that is used for filling was much heavier and as the balloon was filled it maintained a spherical shape. This was used on EOSS-12A which had a short flight of 14,000 ft. with the payload attached so we did not get any rate of ascent or altitude data from this balloon. EOSS was looking for a source for this type of balloon. At the National Balloon Symposium in August Bill Brown flew a small version of the same type which he purchased from Kaymont Consolidated Industries, Inc., New York TEL. (516) 424- 6459. I believe this balloon is manufactured by Totex in Japan but all of the markings in the package say Kaymont. Here are some excerpts from the manufactures spec. sheet. Kaymont balloons are manufactured using the "rotation" system. This produces a "jointless" balloon. Body and neck are formed as one piece which gives extra strength. The rotation process also means the balloon is spherical at inflation. The balloon is made from natural rubber compounded with chloroprene. This composition provides excellent resistance to ozone, good expansion under cold conditions and is much more suitable for upper atmospheric observation. Each balloon is inflated and inspected prior to being sealed in a polyethylene bag. EOSS purchased two of the Kaymont 1200 gram size balloons and one was used on EOSS-14 and it worked well though it did deform some on inflation. We are filling the balloon more than twice the rated capacity. Our normal ascent time to burst is approximately 90 minutes. This one was 105 minutes and it obtained a higher altitude by 15 to 20 thousand feet. We do not have good altitude data at the upper altitudes. With the longer ascent rate and high winds the fox hunters had a long trip. The balloon travelled well over a hundred miles east south east of Colorado Springs and landed south of Cheyenne Wells Co. The Kaymont balloon performed well on its first use. We will continue to evaluate how it performs on future flights. It is less expensive than the type we have been using. Listed below are some of the vendor specifications. Some of the data seems to be in conflict with the actual performance. I believe one reason for this is that these balloons are designed for light weight radiosondes. An example is that the Kaymont 2000 and 3000 gram balloons also show a payload of 650 grams but an increase in altitude up to 37.1 (km). VENDOR SPECIFICATIONS
Kaymont Kaysam EOSS-14
Weight (grams) 1200 1200
Neck Diam (cm) 3.0 (mm) 25
Neck Length (cm) 12.0 (mm) 125
Payload (grams) 650 1250
Free Lift (grams) 1370 2000
Nozzle Lift (grams) 2020 (3250) 5332
Gross Lift (grams) 3220 (4450) 6684
Diameter at Release (cm) 175
Rate of Ascent (m/min) 350 300
Diameter at Burst (cm) 788
Bursting Altitude (km) 31.9 33.5
EOSS-14 FROM THE GROUNDby Rick von Glahn, N0KKZOn October 16, 1993 EOSS once again launched our ever faithful Shuttle into the stratosphere. This launch and the ground station operations were at the East Library in Colorado Springs. This site was selected because it was Amateur Radio Day at the library and along with EOSS there were many other amateurs showing off our hobby in its best light. At 7 am, ground station and launch team members assembled at the library and setup began. The location inside the library was conducive to our ground station requirements (i.e. easy access for all our coax to the outside antenna location). The ground station included a packet radio station to receive payload telemetry, a handi talkie to send commands to the payload, a dual band mobile radio used to maintain contact with the fox hunting field teams and the launch preparations team. An ATV receive setup displayed the video downlink. Linking the groundstation to the payload was our "portable" beam antenna system--a 10-element 2-meter beam for the packet and a 15-element 70 centimeter beam for reception of the ATV video. Mounted on a tripod was a mast equipped with rotors for azimuth and elevation. Of course there was the usual peripherial equipment, power supplies, coax, power strips, and lots of junk boxes filled with all kinds of useless stuff that suddenly will invaluable when that unbreakable connector fails. Liftoff took place at 10:30 am. Circling above the launch site, Jim Libhart - N0PSQ, was busy videotaping the launch from an airplane piloted by Jon Bergstrom. Packet telemetry was coming in solid when just a minute or so into the launch we lost LORAN-C lock. This caused a bit of consternation as this is a primary method for determining the location of the payload by latitude and longitude. We reset hoping to overcome the problems. In a few minutes the LORAN-C came alive once again. Although we had those anxious moments at the beginning of the flight, we had few if any problems with the system for the rest of the day. On the day of the flight the entire nation was participating in the Simulated Emergency Test (SET). This test was recognized by the group as having priority over our activity and so we endeavored to find field communications that would enable us to maintain contact with the fox hunters and they with each other while none of these communications would interfere with any ongoing SET activities. Everything worked out great for the SET folks. We stayed out of their way, but we also had some problems using the repeaters we'd selected. The balloon was on a high speed trajectory to the east and it quickly dragged the field teams beyond reliable coverage of the selected repeaters. The field teams then opted to transfer communications to a repeater located in Genoa, Colorado, a town just east of Limon. For the first half of the flight, the ground station had practically no idea what was happening out in the field. An occasional report was forwarded to us and we would supply tracking information to the field via the same relay station but for the most part we were in the dark. Then the SET ended locally and we were given permission to use the 146.970 MHz Pikes Peak repeater. This repeater is located, naturally, atop Pikes Peak at 14,210 feet elevation. So, needless to say, communications with all our teams were fully restored and we once again entered the loop. While the flight progressed, many folks showed up at the library to see what amateur radio had to offer. They perused the various tables then settle into the middle of the room to stare raptly at our video monitor of the flight. Displayed on the screen were live pictures taken of the earth from over 100,000 feet. A large group of children settled in on the carpet immediately below the screen and their parents and other adults took up the vigil behind them. Several members of the ground team would describe the current status of the flight. Most notable in these updates was our president, Jack Crabtree, who worked the crowd like a real pro. He would circulate through the throngs listening for and answering any questions he heard. His presence was very welcome as the ground station team did have some payload operations responsibilities. As mentioned in another article in this edition, we did not have a controlled cut down device active on this flight. We had to wait for the balloon to burst of its own accord. This was a test flight of a new balloon constructed of different materials than we usually have dealt with. We weren't sure how high the balloon would go. The field teams were becoming concerned with the recovery operations. The higher the balloon ascended, the further it would fly to the east thus making the recovery process a longer and more difficult operation. Every few minutes after the balloon flew through 100,000 feet altitude we'd get a desperate call from the field. "Did it blow yet?" After the balloon exceeded 120,000 feet they would ask, "Is it ever going to explode???" The launch and ground teams were as much in the dark about the expected maximum altitude as everyone else. All we could do is relay the balloon's continuing ascent profile to the field teams. Finally at what we estimate was around 145,000 feet altitude the balloon exploded with a dramatic bit of video afforded to the observers at the Ground station. Instead of the usual tearing of the balloon into many strips of material, it seemed to disintegrate into thousands of small bits of material that quickly zoomed off the screen under the fearsome force of that explosion. The ground station quickly relayed the good news to the field teams and a sigh of relief could be sensed if not heard from the confirmation of our reports to them. Ed Boyer, N0MHU, our airborn recovery operator was in the general area and started heading to the estimated location of the landing, while all other members of the field teams still on the chase did the same. The ground station continued to relay position reports into the field and our audience rapt attention never wavered from the spectacular live video as the payload made its rapid descent into the lower regions of the atmosphere. At an altitude of 27,000 feet the balloon set below our eastern horizon and the ground station lost contact with the payload. Now it was entirely in the competent hands of our field recovery teams. We dismantled the ground station leaving only our field communications transceiver operational. After a relatively short time Ed Boyer reported he had acquired the beacon of the payload on the ground. Directions were passed to the members of the ground chase teams and they made their final dash to the site of the downed payload. Naturally it was on private property and so a delay ensued while appropriate permission was received to go out and recover the payload. Ground Station Flight Statistics First Packet (just prior to Launch) Temp In 71 deg F Temp Out 71 deg F Temp Aux 71 deg F Battery 13.8 volts Altitude 5000 feet Distance 0 miles Bearing 39 deg Speed .1 mph Course 155 deg Latitude 38.915 North Longitude 104.7635 West Calculated Speed* 0.00 mph Max Altitude Packet Temp In 32 Temp Out -2 Temp Aux 57 Battery 14 Altitude 145,000 feet (estimated) Distance 91.57 Bearing 93 Speed 39.5 Course 78 Latitude 38.85717 Longitude 103.0633 Calculated Speed* 43.88 Last Packet Received Temp In 8 Temp Out -26 Temp Aux 36 Battery 14 Altitude 27,000 Distance 113.57 Bearing 95 Speed 82.4 Course 114 Latitude 38.79667 Longitude 102.6588 Calculated Speed* 85.49 Maximum Readings Temp In 73 Temp Out 76 Temp Aux 76 Battery 14.2 Altitude 120,000 (max by instrumentation) Distance 113.57 Bearing 358 Speed 99.9 Course 357 Latitude 38.94683 Longitude 104.8127 Calculated Speed* 234.09 Minimum Readings Temp In 7 Temp Out -54 Temp Aux -24 Battery 13.8 Altitude 0 (error) Distance 0.03 Bearing 4 Speed 0.1 Course 0 Latitude 38.74233 Longitude 102.6588 Calculated Speed* 0.0 Average Readings Temp In 32.97 Temp Out -2.85 Temp Aux 32.13 Battery 14.02 Altitude 63,303 Distance 55.10 Bearing 123.11 Speed 50.57 Course 101.79 Latitude 38.82 Longitude 103.76 Calculated Speed* 62.30* The Loran C receiver does not calculate speeds greater than 99.9 mph, so the latitude and longitude of each packet is used along with the elapsed time to calculate an estimated speed. Because of timing problems at high speeds this isn't all that accurate. But it does give us a feeling for the speed of the balloon when it exceeds 100 mph. Observing a graph of the speeds using this determination method, I'd estimate that our true maximum speed was between 125 and 150 mph, NOT the 234 mph listed above. That was undoubtedly the result of a timing error. GROUND STATION RECRUITSby Rick von GlahnEdge of Space Sciences is now recruiting additional personnel for the ground station. Some, but NOT all positions require an amateur radio license. Look over the following list over and see if there's a job that you would enjoy participating in. Responsibilities and Job Openings for these positions include: Storage Locations Storing various components of the ground station at your home QTH (radios, computers, antennas, rotors and all the various parts that comprise a ground station). Transportation Moving the ground station components to the launch site and back to their storage locations. Documentation A videographer and photographer (two people) to capture events at the launch site for use in EOSS publications and video tapes. (You supply the camcorder or camera). See your work become part of the growing Edge of Space Sciences archives. Checklist Manager We have a checklist we use prior to each launch to ensure that all tasks have been accomplished prior to launch. Your responsibility, keep the launch director informed the status of the checklist's completion status by canvassing each team concerning their readiness. Once the payload lifts off the responsibilities for this position end. (Amateur Radio License helpful but not required) Range Safety Officer Maintains safety at the launch site, has veto power on launch - acts as a backup to the Checklist Manager and looks out for the items the launch preparation team and the ground crew miss - can help expand the checklist. After launch this position responsibility ends. (Amateur Radio License required) Setup of the Ground station We usually use ALL of the ground station personnel for this task because there are so few of us. However, if we get the volunteers we need, we would like to exempt the Checklist/Log manager, Field Communications, FAA liaison, Documentation team as well as Launch Site Intercom from this task to ensure seamless communications with the various remote groups. Launch Site Intercom Two stations to handle simplex communications between the Ground Station and the Launch and Payload teams at the launch site. After launch this position's responsibility ends. (Amateur Radio License required) Field Communications Needs to establish and maintain communications with the field teams from preflight through recovery of the pay load. This also involves receiving the predicted touch down point for the plotting teams. During the flight LORAN-C tracking information is passed to the field teams, while collecting RDF plots and generally maintain contact with the field supplying them with any information they require until the recovery. Major traffic handling skills will be needed or LEARNED. (Amateur Radio License required) Local Information Net Maintain a net on a local repeater to disseminate information on the flight's progress and answer questions from interested parties thus freeing the field communications frequencies of traffic congestion. This position could be filled by a roamer with an HT and either access to local repeater or perhaps a link via a remote base dualbander. The operator must keep abreast of the current flight status and be aware of EOSS PR materials for the launch. (Amateur Radio License required) HF Information Net Operate an HF net supplying flight information to stations outside of the local area. This station must be well clear of ground station to avoid EMI. It could be a home based station with a link to ground station site via the local info net. The operator must keep abreast of the current flight status and be aware of EOSS PR materials for the launch. (Amateur Radio License required) Mission Control Team Man the ground station. Control the payload's various systems and experiments. Do ATV camera sweeps, issue the PR packet message periodically, watch telemetry for anomalies, reset LORAN-C, issue release commands, warm the ATV servo. (Amateur Radio License required) FAA Liaison Maintain contact with the local FAA representatives advising them of the progress of the flight. Mission Log Manager After launch your task will ONLY be to keep logs of all communications with the payload, field teams and FAA. The communications themselves will be carried out by the appropriate team member. (Amateur Radio License helpful but not required) Course Plotting The position and progress of the payload are of GREAT interest to the spectators of each launch. Once the payload is out of sight, spectators flock to the ground station and watch the ATV video downlink. The most common question asked, "Where is it!" A full time plotting team, not encumbered by any other responsibilities, can keep an accurate track of the progress of the flight thereby fulfilling this requirement. Student Plotting A secondary plotting team that involves local student groups in course and telemetry plotting. Tear down Pack up the equipment for return to its storage location. As an enticement, if you volunteer for BOTH the storage and transportation of EOSS equipment you can use the stuff between flights: antennas, packet station, computer, 50W power amplifier, ATV downconverter -- of course you must keep it in good operating condition. Currently ALL of the above positions are filled by three or four people at each flight. This makes for spotty communications, and a harried group of hardy souls. Having dedicated people for each task will reduce the individual work load and ensure a higher level of "professional" performance at each station. Things get overlooked and mistakes happen when things don't go smoothly and we go into overload. The success of each flight hinges critically on hundreds of details. EOSS needs YOU! Participation in these activities is NOT limited to EOSS membership and you don't necessarily have to have an amateur radio operator's license. While we would like all folks involved in our activities to join the group as a paying member, it's not a requirement. We are open to all individuals. Amateur Radio Emergency Services (ARES) groups, please note from the position descriptions, the complexity of our operations. They provide an EXCELLENT opportunity for exercising communications and net skills commonly used during actual emergency operations. Most new folks won't have much experience with our operations. Don't worry about this. New team members will receive any training they require. If you wish to participate in any of these activities contact me: N0KKZ at 303-751-4215 or N0KKZ-1 PBBS on 145.070 in the Denver area. Or, contact me on the EOSS on the air net on Tuesday night at 8:00 pm on the 147.225 CRA repeater connections which cover much of the Colorado front range. EDUCATION NEVER STOPSBy Tom Isenberg, N0KSRI should rethink the title and say that my education never stops. We are still learning how to approach schools and get the most out of the students. I tried, for a while, to give the teachers the information needed to make the graphs etc., with the hope that they would have the students prepared on launch day. Trough FAX problems and other communication errors this didn't work well. I've learned that EOSS attention to each project has to be at a higher level, where we meet with the students and get them prepared. I know, extra meetings and time spent in student preparation adds to the already demanding work that EOSS does. That's why education always needs help. We can always use an extra hand. On November 3rd we met at Cherry Creek High School to put together the starting organization for the NEWS 4 Education Expo project. EOSS attendees for this event included our president, Jack Crabtree AA0P, Paul Ternlund WB3JZV, representing the tech committee, Rick von Glahn N0KKZ for the ground station teams and myself. EOSS along with Cherry Creek High and Thunder Ridge Middle School will organize a booth at the expo. Prior to the Expo we will launch a balloon on Feb. 26 or March 5 at Eagle Crest High School, 5100 S Picadilly, Aurora. The students will be showing their graphs and explaining the results of their experiments to the people visiting our booth. WOW! What a fun reason to learn. The students will be working with EOSS at two levels. One level will include the experiments, the graphs, and the plotting and the lesson plans the teachers will put together so the students can learn about the lower atmosphere. This will be done in a classroom. The second level will include students working with EOSS in the organization of the project. This will be done by a few students for extra credit. EOSS has 5 committees that need help. 1). Public Relations:
Work with sponsor
Make video for NEWS 4 air time
Keep NEWS 4 informed about our project
Develop a three day plan for booth presentation
Investigate cost
2). Logistics (Rick Von Glahn N0KKZ)
Decide launch site
Work out antenna locations at expo site
Select booth location
Possibly work out remote feeds with NEWS 4
3). Technical
Work with Cherry Creek High on their experiment
4). Foxhunting
Set up student participation for launch day
5). Plotting and Graphs (Tom Isenberg N0KSR)
Work with the Middle School
Students will team with the EOSS member who leads each committee.There is much work ahead of us to make this project the best ever. Immediate help is required in the PR and Logistics areas. Please contact me with your input.
Tom Isenberg N0KSR There were no launches through Oct. I was hoping the Air Force Academy launch would come through, but it didn't. Let's all pitch in on the NEWS 4 Expo project and show the world how good EOSS is at ballooning with students. Education never stops. WHAT I KNOW, I CAN TEACH SEND US AN ARTICLEby Rick von Glahn N0KKZThe EOSS Stratosphere is always looking for good articles. You wouldn't believe how difficult it is to collect enough material to publish a quarterly newsletter. So EOSS would like to extend an invitation. I'd like to call on our far flung membership to assist us in collecting interesting articles. Our membership extends from both coasts of North America and up into Canada. Doubtless there are dozens of interesting topics that are discussed by folks who deal with the various geographic anomalies they have in their areas. If you know of anyone in your area who wants to submit to the Stratosphere, please encourage them to do so. They need not be members to be published. All the Stratosphere editorial guide requires is that the material be germane to the art of high altitude ballooning. Authors don't have to come up with a voluminous article to be accepted for publication. You'll notice that we often have short, interesting and pertinent blurbs in our newsletter. In this issue there is one article under 400 characters in length. It's interesting and pertinent to the group so, it is being published. If you have something of importance, brief though it may be, SUBMIT!! The Stratosphere editors prefer that you submit your article in some IBM-PC compatible computer readable format. ASCII text files are the best for us as we send all articles into PageMaker for layout. However, we can accept AMI-Pro, Word Perfect, WordStar, Microsoft Word (Windows or DOS) and possibly several other wordprocessor formats. I'd like to point out here that each of the above programs makes an ascii export available. And to save you time and energy upfront, remember, any fancy fonts, or other text layout designs you incorporate in your article will be stripped to allow for import into our newsletter format. We will also accept computerized image files in accompaniment to your article. If you have graphs, or other artwork in your article, include that artwork as a separate file in your submission. We prefer image files be bit mapped images. If you are using a CAD program see if it has a PCX, BMP, TIFF or other similar output capability. It's usually quite time consuming to convert a plotter file to a graphic file and you can save us some time by having your CAD program do this on your end. And finally, if you have more than one file to submit use an archive program like PKZIP to squeeze them down in size and combine all the separate elements into one convenient file. Submission of articles in plain ASCII text via modem to the Filebank BBS in Denver Colorado is the most desirable path. We get your article instantly, in electronic form, and can most easily deal with any editing and layout problems. There are two ways to get your article to the Filebank. You can call direct at 303-534-4646. On your first call you will be issued guest user status. If you are a member of EOSS you can drop the SYSOP an note and he will upgrade your membership on the BBS to a super-guest. You'll be admitted to more areas of the system, most notably the EOSS SIG's download area, and you'll get more user time for any future calls once your upgrade is processed. Brian, the sysop, checks your sign on name with the current EOSS roster, uploaded once a month, and once he verifies your info he will make the upgrade. REGARDLESS of your status, all users of the Filebank are given local E-Mail privileges. Use that E-mail to send your article to Ann Trudeau. An E-Mail message is limited to 9,999 characters. If your article exceeds this limit, you can attach it to your message as a file. First you begin to send an e-mail. Tell Ann you're enclosing an article. Then when you go to the save process for that message you'll be presented with a typical menu of options like save, abort, edit etc. One of the options will be to enclose a file with the message. Select this option and the system will prompt you for a file name, an upload protocol and then ask you to begin your upload. Just follow the prompts and your article is on it's way. The second way to contact the Filebank BBS is to use internet. Send your article to Ann.Trudeau@filebank.com. The filebank still has that 9,999 character message limit, but if your article is longer than that, the filebank will split it up into multiple messages so we should get it all. Another way to get materials in for submission would be to use my Compuserve address. My CIS account number is 74620,637. You can send me text files as email messages or send your article as a binary email to that address. CIS also accepts internet mail, so if you're an internet user and wish to use this path of submission send your article to 74620.637@compuserve.com. Please NOTE that the normal comma in a CIS user id is replaced by a period in the internet address. The Stratosphere currently has access to an HP Scanjet IIc color scanner. So, if you have any artwork you wish to appear with your article, graphs, schematics, photos etc., send them vis USPS to Ann Trudeau. Her address is on the masthead of the newsletter. Materials will be kept unless a stamped return envelop is supplied to get them back to you. On behalf of the editorial staff I'd like to thank you in advance for all the forth coming articles I know you'll all be forwarding to the group for publication.
-eof- (end of newsletter) created 20-Jan-95 last edit 5-Feb-95 maintained by Rick von Glahn, <webmaster@eoss.org>
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